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The current U.S.–Israel conflict with Iran is not simply destabilizing the existing system; it is accelerating a shift from a rules-based order toward a more fragmented, power-centered one. It intensifies great-power rivalry by creating openings for China and Russia to present themselves as alternative diplomatic and economic actors, while raising doubts about the credibility and consistency of U.S. leadership. At the same time, the war reinforces deterrence logics—especially

The rise of Hindutva in India, rooted in the early 20th century ideas of V. D. Savarkar, reflects the growing assertion of a Hindu-centric cultural and political identity. Initially propagated by a far-right paramilitary group, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and later embraced by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Hindutva has gained momentum since the 1980s with events like the destruction of a famous mosque in Uttar Pradesh, brought about by the Ayodhya temple movement.

Since the end of the Cold War, the position of the United States (US) as the existing hegemon in the international order and its relations with other hegemonic actors and rising challengers have been popular topics of debate among scholars of global politics. Various theories – i.e., hegemonic stability (Webb and Krasner, 1989; Keohane, 1980), sharing hegemony (Schweiss, 2003), and declining hegemony (Boswell, 2004; Lake, 2000) – have been developed, and their proponents have